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He worked there until The Tyson West Two inpatient unit was a general psychiatric ward incrementally requisitioned for psychotherapy purposes. It closed in when the Charles Hood unit opened. Shapiro The Independent The archives contain records of the Bethlem and Maudsley Hospitals from the sixteenth century on.
Wednesday The Bethlem art Gallery website also opened in the same building. The museum is arranged thematically, beginning with a chronology of the hospital sites and continuing through an introduction to "worth a visit? The following sections are labelling and diagnosis - temperament - freedom and constraint - heal or harm - and recovery? Temperament Feelings emotions link diagnosis with constraint and contemplation.
Would you like to be in a padded cell or in a garden? Freedom and constraint How does physical restrain compare with chemical restraint? For Bethlem's history: see the Timeline for , , , , , , on this site Follow external links for The word "Bedlam": lovatts. Using a Civil War tune.
Tom O'Bedlam's Song. In the s Bethlem became a hospital for the "superior class". Opened From known as the City of London Mental Hospital.
From able to receive voluntary boarders The Committee of Visitors had originally been composed of the Aldermen and Recorder as Justices, but under the Local Government Act the Justices powers and duties passed to the City's Court of Common Council which appointed 12 of its members to be the Visiting Committee.
The hospital is due to close and will be converted into luxury apartments. Bow Infirmary. Peter Higginbotham's site says: "In , it was vacated by the City of London Union who had decided to concentrate their work at Homerton in the former East London Union workhouse which had just been substantially enlarged. After a period of standing empty, the building was re-opened on 1st March as Bow Institution.
Clement's Hospital which it is still known as today. Patients held a Christmas pageant here each year. By expected have Benady and John Denham. Friends of St Clements Amended 5. Clement's and other invalids in the community who suffer from mental illness or the effects of mental illness and generally to support the charitable work of the said hospital.
Chaired by the awesome Myra Garrett ". Nat Friends of St Clements established a social club for inpatients, in the Wandsworth Stanley Hall; a creative writing group started publishing its journal in The only non-medical professional working with patients on site at the time, Hycinth's job was to organise activities to engage patients. These included art classes, social events, picnic trips, and other things toallow inpatients to feel normal.
She now works as a meditation counsellor The Social Club meet twice a week for years The poetry booklets published by the creative writing group were first called Goalpost and then Angel. We hope you agree. Company number Registered as a charity April or earlier The Philadelphia Association founded by Ronald Laing , Aaron Esterson and David Cooper psychiatrists , Sidney Briskin social worker and ex-patient of Laing's , Raymond Blake psychotherapist , Joan Cunnold artist and ex-psychiatric nurse and Clancy Sigal writer and political activist See Coppock and Hopton Sidney Briskin established the first Philadelphia Association community by taking in young people who had been diagnosed as schizophrenic into his home in Willifield Way, NW He steamed ahead with the idea of a larger community when others including Laing waivered.
He found Kingsley Hall and participated in the negotiations which resulted in the Lester sisters leasing it to the Philadelphia Association at a peppercorn rent for five years. Throughout the Kingsley Hall years he was "a rock of stability in turbulent times" 6. All that we had packed inside ourselves was there thrown into the open. But we survived. Ronnie, Dr R D Laing, who died in , was the initial founder of it all and was the ultimate victim of his own genius.
September Joseph Berke moved into Kingsley Hall. He found Mary Barnes was "like one of those half-alive cadavers that the Army liberated from Auschwitz after the war" p. Kingsley Hall was painted for her memorial service and Mary Barnes diverted some of the paint to create on her door "a tree with bare branches, and roots, stretching up to God and rooted in God" p. May Kingsley Hall closed as an asylum. Everyone left except Mary Barnes , whose paintings "were got into store" but "I was still alone in Kingsley Hall, I had not got anywhere to go".
She found a two room attic flat near Hampstead Heath. Two Accounts , page and Barnes and Scott p. Windows were regularly smashed, faeces pushed through the letter box and residents harassed at local shops. By , after five years of the Philadelphia Association, named after the ancient city of brotherly love, Kingsley Hall was largely trashed and uninhabitable. In the s Kingsley Hall was the set for the film "Gandhi". During the filming Richard Attenborough united with the Kingsley Hall Action Group to raise enough funds to carry out an extensive refurbishing.
Many of the local community contributed their skills and commitment to bring Kingsley Hall back into a usable community centre. Kingsley Hall was reopened in February, , and has since gone on to be used for activities ranging from youth groups, holiday outings or arts and photography workshops, to advice work, wedding functions and educational projects.
St Luke's Hospital probably not receiving paupers in Took its name from the new parish of St Luke's "The first patients were admitted in July In February the number was increased to From some incurable patients were readmitted and for some time the numbers remained steady: 50 curable and 20 incurable patients. The staff consisted of the keeper and his wife plus two male and two female attendants.
New building designed by George Dance and erected to ? Mr and Mrs Thomas Dunston became Master and Matron from , previously from they had been head man keeper and head woman keeper. Appointed consultant physician. His son did not wish to succeed him, but did wish his university friend, Alexander Robert Sutherland, to succeed.
In a manuscript memorandum, he wrote: "There are three hundred patients, sexes about equal; number of women formerly much greater than men; incurables about half the number. The superintendent has never seen much advantage from the use of medicine, and relies chiefly on management. Thinks chains a preferable mode of restraint to straps or the waistcoat in some violent cases. Says they have some patients who do not generally wear clothes. Thinks confinement or restraint may be imposed as a punishment with some advantage, and, on the whole, thinks fear the most effectual principle by which to reduce the insane to orderly conduct.
Instance: I observed a young woman chained by the arm to the wall in a small room with a large fire and several other patients, for having run downstairs to the committee-room door.
The building has entirely the appearance of a place of confinement, enclosed by high walls, and there are strong iron grates to the windows.
Many of the windows are not glazed, but have iron shutters which are closed at night. On the whole, I think St Luke's stands in need of a radical reform. Dunston was also said to board lunatics in single houses.
Morris, A. Thomas Dunston's title became "Steward" He was confined in St Luke's, where he died 3. From recognised as important to provide some form of occupational therapy for patients "From it was recognised that it was important to provide some form of occupational therapy for patients. This was another idea supported by Dr Sutherland and also by John Warburton. Whilst this was a step forward they nevertheless maintained some older forms of treatment such as the use of occasional forcible restraint.
This was said to be necessary because the number of staff employed to care for the patients was relatively small, in fact a ratio of 7 to 1. William Jno Swinton, aged 37, Steward. Clementina Stinton, aged 39, Matron. Apart from Henry Lambert, the above were all born in Middlesex.
Clementina Stinton, born Middlesex about , was living in Lewes in The Census return was certified on 7. Steward: Thomas Collier Walker, aged 72, born Scotland. Initially the property was rented but in it was purchased by the Hospital.
Cole patient. The research for most of the information from to the present was carried out by Jean Cullen, present owner of these postcards. The project was never brought to completion, but an Encyclopedia reference in refers to new buildings being constructed at Gerrards Cross, Buckinghamshire. In it was suggested that a psychiatric unit should be instituted by St Luke's in cooperation with a General hospital.
This led to the funding by the St Luke's charity of both an out-patient clinic and a psychiatric in-patient ward at the Middlesex Hospital.
This continued until the new St Luke's-Woodisde Hospital opened in Until later than , the building was used as a printing works for Bank of England notes. Guy's Hospital Lunatic Ward not receiving paupers in 1.
Batavia Hospital Ship Moored in the Thames, off Woolwich, this ship received naval patients from Hoxton House when they were considered fit for convalesecence. It also sent patients to Hoxton House and Bethlem. It had 1, patients in Corridor form William Charles Hood , first medical superintendent.
January Reference to alleged murder of a patient by keepers W. The inscription recording the fact was removed after the advent of the Mental Health Act to unburden the hospital of its past. From patients were buried in the neighbouring Great Northern Cenetry 'where by a considerate arrangment of the visitors, funerals are privately conducted, and not in forma pauperis Chaplain's report, CHA Hunter, R.
See Claybury. In the Board of Control reported "under consideration the provision of a laboratory for clinical and pathological research". In it reported "a useful laboratory" staffed by a specially trained male nurse and supervised by an assistant medical officer. Hunter, R. The parkland is the ground in front of the asylum, which is planted with trees. Barnet Borough have created Friern Village Park out of the land in front of the west wing.
This is open to the public daily from dawn to dusk. They presumably had flats in the old asylum before that. This extract from a encyclopedia shows how the provision of "asylums" was only a small part of the Board's functions: " The Metropolitan Asylums Board , though established m purely as a poor-law authority for the relief of the sick, insane and infirm paupers, has become a central hospital authority for infectious diseases, with power to receive into its hospitals persons, who are not paupers, suffering from fever, smallpox or diphtheria.
Both the Board and the County Council have certain powers and duties of sanitary authority for the purpose of epidemic regulations. There are twelve fever hospitals, including northern and southern convalescent hospitals. For smallpox the Board maintains hospital ships moored in the Thames at Dartford, and a land establishment at the same place. There are land and river ambulance services.
Database information that Banstead became a Surrey asylum is incorrect: "Banstead Asylum was built and maintained by the Middlesex Justices prior to It became the responsibility of the London County Council on 1 April " London Metropolitan Archives Catalogue , which is confirmed by the following: 89 year old patient's death certificate shows him as dying from "chronic brain wastage" in "the London County Asylum, Banstead".
Mott at Claybury] , there will still remain much useful work of this nature to be done in the several Asylums, for which due provision should be made". Smith as director. Smith, a philosophy graduate of Edinburgh University, studied for his PhD under the pioneer of experimental psychology, Wilhelm Wundt. He worked for several years in the United States, including a period with William James.
Smith and Mott were founder members of the Psychological Society in the same year that the Experimental Psychology unit was established at Claybury. In , Smith became the first lecturer in psychology at Liverpool University and in , he became the first Combe lecturer in General and Experimental Psychology at Edinburgh University. More people needing psychiatric treatment are becoming willing to accept early hospital admission where it is necessary ""The number of beds is being decreased to allow better bed spacing, but the number of patients being treated is not decreasing; the group secretary, Mr Wilfred Mitchinson, informs me" The causes of mental illness are complicated and there is still much that is not understood.
In some cases environment and the increased pace of the 20th century life plays a part. Between and the annual number of admissions to psychiatric hospitals more than doubled from 55, to , Although the total number of patients was rising until - the year which saw the introduction of tranquillisers the number of in-patients declined since then, from: , to Claybury's admission rate' tended to follow the national trend.
Admissions nearly doubled between and , from to 1, The overall number of in-patients between and declined from 2, to 2, New methods of management of patients, new rehabilitation, schemes and changed staff attitudes were equally important. Last year there were 1. There has been a "great increase" in short-stay admissions since Many more patients are now well enough to stay outside hospital with support, which may include occasional short readmissions.
Once rehabilitation became available Claybury experienced a dramatic drop in long-stay patients. Claybury has a universal reputation for its therapeutic community methods of treatment and practice and receives visits from people from all over the world interested in how the work has been developed. Rising' prices The hospital has a staff of 2,, including 19 doctors and nurses, of whom are full time. In addition to their duties at Claybury the doctors do out-patient work in general hospitals.
Cost of running Claybury is increasing year by year due mainly to rising prices and increases in salary scales. Other factors are the higher standards being provided for patients and the increased number of short- term admissions. Problems are being experienced at the hospital due to staff shortages.
Most student nurses require residential accommodation and there is insufficient available for them within the hospital. Another problem is public transport. It is considered that the bus services covering the hospital could be improved and made more reliable, making it easier for staff to arrive on time for duty. In , the first Labour controlled local council was elected - West Ham. London County Council bought all the land belonging to the Manor of Horton in Epsom, Surrey, to develop a complex of asylums which was to become the largest in Europe.
Simon Cornwall's tour of all The online Horton Country Park map with history shows the area on the east of this map. This is suggested by the houses along Hook Road going north from the railway bridge. Dates and architectural features suggest that many of these were built as homes for the staff. Near the bridge there are several with the date , when the Manor was being built.
Then there are ones dated , when Horton was opened. These are followed by ones dated , when Ewell Epileptic Colony was opened. Common facilities David Cochrane p. Sewage disposal was centralised. Similarly, the cemetery and the rail link to Ewell were for all the asylums.
Sports centre built round boiler-house. This is in the back streets in the crook of Hook Road and Long Grove Road - south of the cricket ground. The Manor which was a certified institution, not an asylum had its own branch..
This land or part of it was farms for West Park and Long Grove. These became "surplus to requirements" and were bought by Epsom and Ewell Council to create the park. Building may have begun in The asylum was opened in It consisted of the existing Manor House restored for staff, and corrugated iron buildings for patients.
The scheme was disapproved by the Lunacy Commission, but approved by the Home Secretary. It was opened for female patients of the "comparatively quiet and harmless class". Cochrane, D. Galey who lived at 4 Percy Cottages, Elm Road, Claygate about three mile away in a straight line - perhaps he cycled.
The other four hospitals seemed to have been one branch Epsom. Medical superintendent: Edward Salterono Litteljohn. Assistant medical officer: Bridget Coffey. Chaplain: Rev Edward John Hockly. Clerk: C. House Steward: W. Plans to rebuild by By expected have mental subnormality patients, and there to be another in St Ebbas converted and in "Horton new hospital". Some ex-patients have been rehoused on Ethel Bailey Close.
Re-development completed about The Manor Farm In reponse to the question "was there a farm on the land to the south? It bordered Horton Lane. Up to about it was still a thriving organic market garden and sold fruit and vegetables to the public.
After that date it gradually became more difficult to maintain as the residents were being moved out. At least up to a couple of years ago it had become more of a garden centre, selling plants to the public from some specially converted barns. I believe the garden centre is probably still there.
Horton Asylum , at Epsom was opened in Built: Architect: George Thomas Hine replica of Bexley Heath Asylum 2, beds - for men and 1, for women, although at first men exceeded women. He was co-editor from to and thereafter served as associate editor until Easter 1. Only were men. In the proportion of recoveries to admissions was The proportion of deaths to the asylum population was 5.
Miss Mary Mitchell Thorburn was matron. Kelly's directory 9. His obituaries says "from until , he was the Deputy Superintendent of Horton Hospital". Possible to be closed by At this time, someone with a mental crisis in an office in West London, could find themselves taken to Horton, to the south of London.
Paddington Day Hospital established for rehabilitation. February to Died Summer "Unfortunately, the doctor decided to send me to Horton Hospital for a rest" - Joan Hughes "I begged my GP to get me into hospital so as I could get some care and help" Daniel Morgan 1, beds, 1, patients on The surgeon who operated on him said there were about seven "stab wounds to the legs, back, groin and buttock".
The most serous was to "to the abdoman whci punctured the abdominal wall some four inches and also penetrated the wall of the bowel". There was severe internal bleeding and the surgeon said that without prompt treatment Dr McNeill would have died. Trial transcript 1, beds Autumn reported closed and empty map , but in good condition. Redevelopment has now started. See Peter Cracknell's photographic tour The developers have renamed it Livingstone Park. This name is not recognised by the council or the post office.
A small modern enclave called Horton Haven is used by about 50 ex-patients. In memory of those buried in these grounds between and ". Words in black on a simple white plaque fixed to the railings of a field surrounded by trees on Hook Road, near the junction with Horton Road. It was a cemetery for patients from all five institutions. See George Pelham. The "burial ground All the headstones were removed It has always been referred to as Horton Cemetery" email Jane Lewis, Surrey History Centre email They cover the dates 4.
A burial plan of the area does not seem to have survived and the removal of the headstones has now made it impossible to try and find exactly where the original plots were sited, re-burying bones - a more detailed report - This says the last funeral took place in Its bids to develop have been refused by the Epsom and Ewell Council.
It is possible that the whole triangle was the farm estate. St Ebbas farm is on the other west side of Hook Road. Long Grove and West Park had their own farms below. One website says each hospital had its own farm. Charles Hubert Bond was medical superintendent from to Ewell County of London War Hospital or Ewell Neurological Hospital for the care and treatment of soldiers and pensioners suffering from neurasthenia or loss of mental balance Hansard This epileptic colony is not mention in Jones and Tillotson's pamphlet on epileptic colonies.
They do mention that the Metropolitan Asylums Board established units for epileptics at Edmonton and Brentwood , and that these were taken over by London County Council in The conversion of Ewell Colony to a Mental Hospital may have taken place as part of this process.
Later in ? No dormitories with over fifty patients. A Parents and Relatives Group was formed about to campaign for retention of a village community. The council has approved construction of houses and flats on the rest of the site. Long Grove Asylum , at Epsom built to and opened in June A replica of Horton with differences to make it a little more like a Maryland, USA plan that was favoured. In the design, beds were moved from the main zig-zag crescent to autonomous villas, each with its own unfenced garden.
Felix arrested in St Martin's in the Fields. He lived in Shaftesbury Avenue. See procedures for emergency admission.
Maria Jose Gonzalez is researching Felix's history. Deputy medical superintendent: James Ernest Martin. Clerk: Alfred J. House Steward: R. Matron: Miss Elspeth MacRae. Inspector: Arthur Heath. This provided links to Tower Hamlets and Hackney on the other side of London , where many patients came from. The Horton Park Children's Farm is there now. However, the piggery of Long Grove was to the north-east, so the Long Grove Farm may have stretched round the asylum. David Cochrane says that London County Council replaced the name "asylum" by "hospital" in If this is so, the first name for West Park given below, from the Hospital Database was never used.
West Park Asylum at Epsom was opened in Referred to by David Cochrane as "the eleventh and the last great asylum built for London's insane". Built: Eleventh London County Asylum. Medical superintendent: Norcliffe Roberts. Deputy medical superintendent: Edwin Lancelot Hopkins.
Clerk: L. House Steward: J. West Park had 1, beds mental illness and geriatric. Manor Hospital was the local mental handicap hospital. Horton, Long Grove and St Ebbas were not local hospitals. Autumn reported closed and empty, but in good condition. The local council has produced its own development brief for the site, which the NHS has yet to approve. The site will retain facilities for patients with challenging behaviour and the cottage hospital, which is only about twenty years old.
West Park Farm see external link. Epsom Hospital intensive care unit. However, the empty buildings were taken over as a military hospital. Fourth London General Hospital by early Neurological section established acting as a clearing hospital for these cases. Medical History 1. Maudsley Hospital Medical School was opened in 1. Became a school of the University in December Central London clinics and nursing homes National Hospital for the Paralysed and Epileptic British Hospital for Mental Disorders Beaumont Street, St Marylebone close to Harley Street in census and trade directory consisted almost entirely of nursing homes, some of whose patients were psychiatric but not certified lunatics.
Charlotte Mew died at 37 Beaumont Street in The Medico Psychological Clinic operated from 14 Endsleigh Street from the autumn of and then from Brunswick Square from July to - Medico Psychological was a contemporary term for what we would now call psychiatric. The Tavistock Clinic started in Tavistock Square in Stewart, J. Dicks , p. Psychopathic Clinic became the Portman Clinic. According to his British Medical Journal obituary, Alfred Torrie was "associated with the Tavistock Clinic, the child guidance movement, and the NationalMarriageGuidanceCouncil from their earliest days" "Both clinical and consultancy work was carried out in the Tavistock Clinic until it became part of the new NHS in , and the Institute was founded as a charitable company".
However, he resigned in in order to devote his energies to the forthcoming International Congress on Mental Hygiene" Brody, E. In he obtained a small grant from the Sir Halley Stewart Trust to empirically study the effects of early separation and deprivation. For this research, he "wanted to engage a psychiatric social worker" and hired James Robertson. The Tavistock moved to Malet Place. Then moved to Beaumont Street where it was in the s.
Mayfair or Mayfair Portman Clinic not listed under P. In the Tavistock moved to Swiss Cottage. Supplement to the London Gazette H. It is a self referral service. See 6. The Cassel Hospital was set up to treat the civilian equivalent of shellshock, and admitted its first patient in ".
Cambridge: University Press, Mainly "a study of the long range results of psychotherapeutic treatment of the neuroses at the Cassel Hospital for Functional Nervous Disorders.
This institution, called Swaylands, was founded in , to furnish systematic treatment for the psychoneuroses on the basis that these disabilities had received too little organized attention and management from the medical profession. The interest of the founder, Sir Ernest Cassel, was aroused by the striking manifestations of neuroses among the soldiers in the world war.
Ross was, until a few years ago, the medical director and moving spirit of the institution. Swaylands furnishes rather sumptuous physical accommodations and care for some sixty patients, whose residence varies from two to six months.
He was undertaking psychoanalytic training and encouraged other psychoanalysts to work at the Cassel. It soon developed a psychoanalytic tradition and a psychoanalytic underpinning of the clinical work.
Psychosocial nursing practice came to the fore as a way of dealing with regression, associated with intensive individual psychotherapy. The therapeutic community practice evolved from this way of working, and from the experiences of Tom Main at the Northfields Military Hospital during the Second World War. From that experience the work of the Families Service evolved treating children and their parents. The Families Service specialises in the assessment and treatment of children and families affected by the impact of physical, sexual and emotional abuse.
From about Cassel Adult Service has developed an integrated package of care, combining six months inpatient treatment, with a further two years of group therapy and psychosocial nursing for patients in Greater London a separate Adolescent Service established external source.
Mill Hill Emergency Hospital Using a converted public school at Mill Hill. Psychiatrists from the Maudsley Hospital were recruited. Led by W. Their goal was occupational and social psychiatry. Edgar Jones About Kati Turner a patient in Henderson. Click on the plan for a picture of Cane Hill.
Architect: Charles Henry Howell - The ward blocks are arranged around a D shaped network of corridors. Ian Richards describes it as an example of the Pavilion Plan in which the wards where housed in long thin ward blocks arranged around a central corridor. The pavilion design was a development of the straight corridor plan e.
Friern that led on to echelon plan asylums like Severalls. The design was popular in the second half of the 19th century and it was about this time that the Recreation Hall and Water Tower became a standard feature of asylums. The picture here is from a s AtoZ reproduced on the urban explorations site.
South Croydon : Aubrey Warsash Pub. Fountain Asylum Established as a fever hospital in Architect: Thomas W Aldwinckle "the hospital was redesignated as a mental hospital and became used for the accommodation of the lowest grade of severely subnormal children. In , administration of the hospital passed to the London County Council who retained it as a hospital for mentally defective children.
Pauper lunatics from Croydon went to the Surrey asylum at Cane Hill , and this continued when Croydon became an independent County Borough in However, the "Lunacy Visiting Committee" of the new "County Borough of Croydon" also made arrangements for patients to be kept in the Isle of Wight County Asylum , others may have gone elsewhere. When he became a psychiatrist, he was generally known as T. Pasmore, who was appointed as the first medical superintendent before it opened.
Kelly's Wednesday 5. Medical Superintendent, Edwin S. There was a very high proportion of women to men in comparison with most asylums. The proportion of deaths to the asylum population was 6. Rees moved from Napsbury to be deputy physician superintendent. Rees became superintendent. His "first act" was to open the iron gates at the hospital entrance, after which they were not shut again.
Over the next few years, all ward doors were unlocked during the day, while nearly all restraint and isolation of patients were abolished. Rees was one of the authors. I felt completely at home". There was a "porter's lodge" where he booked in. His legal status is not stated, but he presumably signed in as a voluntary patient. His bed was in a ward "for light cases - alcoholics and neurotics". This part appears civilised. In the morning he sits in the living room of his ward and reads morning papers with other patients.
Later he has dinner with others in the dining room. He also visited the sitting room of the "best women's ward", where one woman arranged flowers, another played the piano and three others watched television. Elsewhere in the hospital he visited a "dormitary crammed with beds". This is the worst ward he has seen - dealing with the "hard core of chronic patients". He said that the old hospital was like a prison and described how staff often had to "retaliate" when patients became violent and often "hit back in self defence".
Drugs, ECT , insulin and "open doors" had put an end to all of that. The Chief Superintendant T. Rees was interviewed. He described the hospital's main successes as the removal of the rails around the hospital and handing over of responsibility to patients. During Rees left Croydon and started a private practice in Harley Street. He was made a freeman of the borough. Stephen MacKeith may have succeeded Rees at Croydon. May, A. Sheldon and S. The major effects are seen in reduction of readmission rates to the mental hospital, and in a redistribution of patients among the wider range of facilities" March Letter in Psychiatric Bulletin from Stephen Pasmore, Ham Gate Avenue, Richmond, Surrey, about his father, Edwin S.
Pasmore, who was appointed the first Medical Superintendent of that hospital before it was opened, and attributed to him the origin of the term 'mental hospital'. Furthermore the hospital was the first of its kind in the country to have an operating theatre and X-ray department to bring it into line with the general hospitals of the day. It has since been renamed the Warlingham Park Hospital. The Clock Tower, described as hideous in , is now a Grade two listed building.
The hospital was closed in February , and demolished in summer , but the clock tower and many trees have been preserved. The site is being redeveloped for housing. A private house before the first world war. Taken over in November with beds for 51 officers. In March , Mrs. As a Prison Service establishment it has had several roles as a young offender institution, remand centre, and a deportees prison. It became a resettlement prison in ".
Date that outpatients clinics started at Hackney Hospital is not known. But none listed in If the Duly Authorised Officer was summoned to a crisis in Hackney in , the person might be taken by ambulance to St Clements or another London observation unit or directly to Long Grove. A study in East London published. Reports of the Institute of Community Studies number 7. Before this there were out-patient clinics, but the in-patient beds were at Long Grove Hospital. However, the in-patient beds at Hackney Hospital appear to pre-date - See below].
Born Died 9. April After this date, all hospital admissions for mental illness were to units within the borough. But existing patients remained at Long Grove. St Lawrences, Caterham , previously the catchment area hospital for mental handicap, ceased taking Hackney patients in Friday 6. In Hackney's Director of Social Services told councillors that mentally handicapped people were no longer sent outside the borough "except in exceptional circumstances".
On page 98 of the book , for example, we learn that at Maybury and possibly only at Maybury" "we do it all without any chronic units" P sych.
Amongst its last residents were a group of severely disabled children who moved to a hostel in Malpas Road, Hackney. The Eastern Hospital had a long history as a fever hospital and as a hospital for diseases of the skin. Its use as a home for children with learning difficulties is not mentioned in the extensive historical notes on the Hospital Database. Hamhp News. This was the then eastern terminus of the Eastern Counties Railway from London.
The large building is Essex Hall, intended to be the railway hotel. Instead it became an asylum. For women. Probably renamed St Faith's Hospital at this point. See Ewell Epileptic Colony Hospital Plan : beds in , of them for epilepsy, plus 15 acute and 14 geriatric. Development to be completed by It was then bought and converted by the Metropolitan Asylums Board and operated as St David's Hospital for "sane epileptics" until For men.
Probably renamed St David's Hospital at this point. Its archives are the only ones for a private asylum held in the London Metropolitan Archives. In , passed to the London County Council. The nursing staff establishment provides for male and female nurses. At present, the male staff is and the female staff 56 full-time and 66 part-time" Hackney patients November The only large mental handicap hospital planned to close "The closure of Darenth was driven by the determination of learning disability managers locally to run an entirely different service and the South East Thames Regional Manager responsible plus the Chief Nurse called Audrey Emerton now Baroness Emerton.
It was very visionary at the time. Clinicians were marginal in that case. External link to review use: "Luxury housing" Rossbret entry - archive Pictures on the Old Redhill and Reigate website - archive - pictures not preserved, but may be recoverable from Francis Frith Collection Farmfield Originally an inebriates reformatory "At an early date after the passing of the Inebriates Act of , the London County Council established a reformatory at Farmfield, near Horley, for the reception of female inebriates.
It soon became evident that more accommodation would be necessary, and the Council accordingly contracted with the National Institution for Inebriates for the reception of all female cases they were unable to receive at Farmfield" Hansard November just over patients when Peter Whitehead transferred from Rampton.
The terms of his licence included not being on the streets after 10pm, not talking to a member of the opposite sex, not walking with a member of the opposite sex and not frequenting dance-halls, public houses or similar places. Unable to find work, he went to Liverpool and then the Potteries. A priest found him work in Wolverhampton and then he secured a better job on a farm near Newland Bridge.
A nationwide search for possible suspects included questioning Peter on the farm and, as a result, he was returned to Farmfield. Recaptured See lost hospitals of London Farmfield [Priory Group] is a purpose built, bed, low and medium secure hospital for men with with "enduring mental illness, personality disorder and with mild learning disabilities".
Wintle, MD 1. Warneford Asylum, Headington, Oxford. Medical Superintendent: John Ward, married, born Leeds about Oxfordshire and Berkshire County Asylum opened on 1.
May Ashurst War Hospital , Littlemore. Under a contract with Surrey, 30 patients, including Edward Sackett were admitted from Brookwood on Autumn Reported open, or closed but empty map English Heritage: Fairmile, Oxfordshire, built as the pauper asylum for Berkshire Broadmoor Criminal Lunatic Asylum was opened at Crowthorne, Berkshire, in He made the design for Pentonville Prison , which acted as the model for many others.
Neil Sturrock - email 7. His deputy was William Orange born , died Burt While kneeling at Communion Service, one Sunday, Dr Orange was hit on the head by a patient with a stone hidden in a handkerchief. July W. Meyer MD. Meyer's obituary on page of the Journal of Mental Science. William Orange had been Deputy Superintendent and W. Orange, Chaplain: J. October A. Gray, MD, MRCS Edinburgh appointed Assistant Medical Officer Series of articles by David Nicolson on "The Morbid Psychology of Criminals" in the Journal of Mental Science David Nicolson expressed opinion that habitual criminals "possess an unmistakable physique with rough and irregular outline and a massiveness in the seats of animal expression" while the accidental criminal "differs little or nothing from the ordinary run of mortals" After dealing with the inmates of the asylum, David Nicolson no longer believed most criminals differed physically from non-criminals.
Flemming, R. Some senior officers see below live outside the asylum. The names of patients are given in full. Orange , plans of the asylum, men's division, men's division - blocks 1 and 6, women's division and block plan of the complete asylum , report of the Chaplain Thomas Ashe , statistical tables, report of the Commissioners in Lunacy and post-mortem records Report of the Superintendent - David Nicolson Superintendent still David Nicolson.
Chaplain still Thomas Ashe He tells her about a theatrical entertainment at the Asylum that was to happen the next day Friday He goes on to say "The elections come off next week in the School Room at Crowthorne, so it rather interferes with Mr Sharp's concert.
Other concerts are also under way. Brayn, Chaplain: Hugh Wood. Visiting Lunacy Commissioners: F. Needham and C. Bagot article by George Griffith. Later used for casualty reception. Briefly used as a Royal Marine School of Music. Converted to a mental deficiency hospital about External link includes history Closed use: "Zoo" Oxfordshire Mental Health Care Trust www.
It was run from London and visited regularly by doctors from the hospital. There were plans to build a new and larger asylum, but these were not fulfilled at the time" Parry-Jones, W.
Opened "for the reception of insane officers, soldiers, and women belonging to the army; and in that year four officers, sixty-two non-commissioned officers and privates, and two women were admitted into this hospital".
In its principal medical officer was Andrew Smith M. The part of the fort which is appropriated to the residences of the officers is very gloomy, and ill suited for a receptacle for insane persons.
Some of the sleeping-rooms for the private soldiers are sufficiently good, but others are dull and cheerless.
The exercising grounds for the officers, and the yards for the soldiers, are cheerful, but are not sufficient in number or size. The buildings and grounds admit of great improvement; but we understand that the inmates of this hospital are about to be removed to a new asylum.
In , about 20 mentally ill soldiers were transferred from Fort Clarence in Rochester to a new house of detention or of observation at Fort Pitt. Morrison, K. A site was purchased but ultimately abandoned, and the Naval Hospital at Great Yarmouth, Norfolk, selected to replace permanently for the benefit of the insane patients of the army, that establishment which the Commons had decreed should be built".
Lockhart Robertson Shorncliffe Barracks, Folkestone used as a temporary asylum. All patients moved in one day of October to Yarmouth Inmates were transferred to the new Army lunatic asylum at Netley in , an attractive brick building now used as a police training centre" Morrison, K. Became a hospital for invalided soldiers in , with an asylum added in None had been spent? The accomodation being "very imperfect He was told that "a hospital had been procured near Southampton " were it was hoped "a building would be erected there which would include a hospital, invalid barracks, and a lunatic asylum".
Florence Nightingale started the first Army Medical School there in , but by the s the hospital was closed, and the site converted into a school. See Yarmouth - Bow - and Netley. Jones and Greenberg 5. ECT Electroconvulsive therapy was sometimes used as a punitive measure - although it was not openly admitted.
I have heard the term 'punitive ECT' used in the hospital in reference to "that is what a patient needs". Some psychiatrists had a certain faith in ECT and at times patients were threatened with it" page 14 These tend to be younger than the chronic patients Sometime in the Royal College of Psychiatrists received a request from The regional medical officer of the South East Thames regional health authority saught advice from the Royal College of Psychiatrists on giving ECT to non-consenting patients.
Ths led to the guidelines Wikipedia. This aerial view was sent me by Brian Bradley. It is included on Chartham Paper Mill's intranet as part of its heritage. Brian says that Canterbury City Council have refused Wilcon Homes permission to knock down the old hospital water tower centre right in photo as they consider it a significant landmark that could be turned into some sort of viewing tower.
The photograph looks as if it may have been a postcard. Kendall Junior. Superintendent: Dr Charles Lockhart Robertson selected from 83 applicants. The first patients came from other private? On Call p. Medical Superintendent: Samuel Blutes D. Williams unmarried, age 41 Physician. Assistant Officer: Thomas Blair Worthington unmarried, age 32 Kelly's Directory: "The Sussex County Lunatic Asylum, about one mile south-east from Haywards Heath railway station, but locally situated in the in the parish of Wivelsfield, stands on an eminence in grounds covering nearly acres: it was opened 25 July, , and is a structure of brick, in the Lombardo-Venetian style, erected under the superintendence of Mr H.
Kendall, jun. Woodhouse, housekeeper; William Thomas Buckle, head male attendant; T. Lenton, storekeeper. The proportion of deaths to the asylum population was 7. Simon Cornwall: Closed in Standing derelict. Targetted by arsonists? June - External links mechanised org tours derelict building and says "Further Reading: Hellingly is one of the most documented of asylums- and the sites below offer the most interesting interpretations. Sub-Urban has a fascinating "Then and Now" section comparing the hospital as it stands with images from the s - Exploration Station has reminiscences of former staff, patients and local residents; also contains countless photos - Urbex is the most accessible tour of the hospital; an extended journey through all of the main points of interest - Abandoned Britain is a black and white tour that perhaps comes closest to capturing Hellingly's calm and stillness" Mechanised Spring Roffey Park Rehabilitation Centre?
Essex County Lunatic Asylum opened Probably built for patients, it had patients in Architect: H. Kendall and R. Pope: See initials in brickwork [try again] Simon Cornwall's website: "It consisted of two main blocks orientated north to south and facing east, with miscellaneous buildings dotted behind these to the west. The use of red and black bricks, the stone mullion windows, and the use of octagonal towers gave the hospital a medieval appearance.
He had, as we will discuss later in this chapter, outlines and diagrams of his works, but he had not prepared them for publishing We know that he was planning to publish extensive works on the complete "KVpW. The only known work of Elias Meniates that was published during his life is his prologue to Gerassimos Kakavellas' historical account of the Patriarch of Constantinople, Dionysios IV Komnenos. Fragescos published Elias' collected sermons and public speeches. This was a difficult task, since he was collecting and working with complicated diagrams and outlines that Elias had used for his public speaking and preaching.
These incomplete, collected works were processed by Fragescos Meniates and were then offered for publication. L11wapm; Athens. TO 6tKaA.
ApYtlponouAoc;, p. Salaville maintains that the first publication of the t. Tltis has been corrected since then. TIle title 0COI. It is nothing other than the selective reprinting of Elias Meniales' publicalion of tlle!. B7 were produced in Thessaloniki, Hellas? TamKTj';;, p. Tls, p. Since we do not find any bibliographical infonnation of Elias Meniates' works dating after AaOW;, Athens, Athens, 1 52 , p. The Romani'ill publication was produced during LeGrand had previously maintained tlmt the Romanian translation Imd been produced during He stands corrected here by S.
Saiaville and x. Ta'tuKllC;, p. Some do not agree that this edition of v. He initiated this correspondence to gain the support of the Patriarchate for his new publication. Specifically, Ma'apaKl'lC; requested permission by the Ecumenical Patriarch to publish a new edition of the "dlcSa:x;ai" with various corrections, previously ignored.
In his letter of September 8th he explained the corrections that he deemed necessary to make in the prey ious - J - text of the "dIBa:x;ai..
Specifically, the issue that troubled v. Original texts should not be altered. This affects the originality and accuracy of such texts. Punctuation is scarce and sentences continue for several lines. They reveal the rhetorical strength of Bishop Meniates. J,z'; also see. AaliOt;, Athens, BouuepioTJC;, p. He was nineteen years of age, and still a student at Flageneanon This sermon is the oldest sermon of Elias Meniates that we have today.
It has also been the focus of serious criticism against Meniates. Such similarities, however, can not be readily distinguished as plagiarism. Scoufos has been an influential rhetorician, one that Elias most likely studied and admired while he was a student at FJageneanon.
He was obviously influenced, but he is believed to be a more 'complete' rhetorician than Scoufos was. Furthermore, a substantial difference between Meniates and Scoufos is that, through their respective works. TImplvEJ-llC;, p. Xai Kal AoyOl, pp. AaOOl;, Athens, , p. IOC;; he lived between and see, H. Boumpiollc;, p. He waH also a famous ecclesiastical rllelorician who lived in Venice.
Tu'ttlKTjc;, p. Scoufos was never Elias' Teacher at t1le Flageneanon see, B. Tatu1CJ1l; p. Important and influential rhetoricians emerged frequently during the era of the TOvpKoKparia.. They learned from each other, and 'build on each other's strengths. We know that he preached continuously, but the available bibliography does not offer any data regarding sermons from that period of his life, We do know, however, of a sermon he delivered during his stay in Constantinople.
We have it today under the title, On how we should honor feast days. J ,J Another sermon that Elias delivered in the church of Saint Nikolas in Lexourion on December 6 th has been also preserved until today.
There is available information showing that this sermon was delivered with a specific intent, namely to bring harmony among two relatives residing in Lexourion, who were ready to fight among themselves until death.
Tradition has it that See, B. Aa5m;, Athens, Ma4apalGlc;, p. Elias' sefmons and speeches were directed toward the hcm1s of his audience. He is remembered today as a mirac1e- worker, as well. He delivered his speech On Faith 36 during his stay in Nauplion, Peloponessus.
The other Italian speech preserved in the" tuouxui" has the title On Loving the Enemies. He also delivered this speech during his stay in Nauplion, Peloponessus. It was delivered on the occasion of :Molino's departure from Cephalonia, during It is obvious to the reader that this speech had a diplomatic purpose, since it had several praising elements and rhetorical exaggerations referring to General Molino's character and virtue.
Grimani was also a Venetian General based in Peloponessus. MT]Vtu'tllc;, EA. Mal;apulcrlC;, pp. This speech is very similar to the previous two, full of rhetorical exaggerations and an underlying diplomatic agenda? General Loredano was the one who materialized the plan for the ordination of Meniates as Bishop in Peloponessus.
He was also Elias' close friend. The order that Elias followed in his sermons is similar to that of the ancient Hellenic philosopher, AnslOlle Specifically. And, finally, he l::nds his sermons with the Conclusion to strengthen the effect his message. This was his way of maintaining simplicity. Ta:ralOlC;, p. K6c;, vol. Bishop Meniates does not hesitate to criticize injustice and evil. He believes that Christian virtue can only be based on the assimilation of our lives with the Orthodox Faith.
It is this belief that makes him a strict judge of any form of evil. He also continuously criticizes the injustice of the Ottoman Empire toward Hellas. He believes that words can not lead man to salvation without positive action.. This was one of the methods that helped Meniates address his See, B.
Tu'tlixTlc;, pp. Tm:lixTlc;, p. Mll J'tpOO11l-! As we have discussed in earlier chapters, this was one of his diplomatic. State' During , the v rev. The publication of the "TIe-rpa! The publication included a German translation. The publication of included a Latin translation, and was produced in Bratislava.
The publication of was produced in Amsterdam. The publications of and were produced in Vienna. The I? Q1l" was in Russian, and was produced in Petroupolis, Russia. TatcllcrlC;, p. The subject is the Schism of the ninth century between the Eastern and the Western Church. Qll" Meniates discusses the prerequisites for a possible healing of the Schism.
He explains that modernity should not affect the originality and tradition of the Faith He also explains that both sides should study the Church of the first centuries, prior to the Schism 3'r' Further. This lettef was signed by. L exounon. I nstttute During the year Elias, accompanied by his father, went to Venice, Italy, where he was placed under the care of, the also Cephalonian, l'vleletios Typaldos. Mosl available sources are rather vague, ifnot confusing.
I tried 10 maintain both, an accurate and a logical order of cycnts li'om the various sources that I had available during the composition of this thesis-project. Village on the Hellenic Island of Cephalonia. Many Hellenic families that could afford educating Oleir children would have to sent them to the various metroplitan areas of thc Venetian Stale, where Ole best academic institutions were located.
Thus, since Elias first heard onus acceptance at the Institute in March of He was twelve years old when he was accepted, and he must have graduated a year later than his classmates. Salaville, p, E'.
For six years il:; preached and taught the Gospel and other curricular courses to the youth of Cephalonia, Zakynthos, and Corfu. J2'i It was during these years that Meniates composed and delivered most of his catechetical homiles that we have today in. Most sources agree that Elias remained as a teacher at the Flageneanon Institute for about three years in total. This sennon was delivered by Elias Meniates on the occasion of the feast day of Saint Nikolas.
Molino invited Elias to COlill for the private education of his nephews. May Elias Meniates submitted his resignation at the Board of the Ilagcneanon Institute, nine months after his second tenn as Teacher there. He was to depart Venice with the Venetian ambassadorto Constantinople, Lorenzo Sorantzo, and follow him to Consta:1tinople, as his' special advisor.
SalaviHe, p. Lorenzo Sorantzo. He completed his assignment. MtrnslO';, Athens. I SO Ibid. Salaville, p, 0,': Gk.. If he arrived in Constantinople during the Swmner of , then, seven years later would be dW'jng General Emo continued to insist all his invitation, but Elias refused to accept. Marco Loredano, who also became one of Elias Meniates' closest friends Between He remained a fervent and caring Bishop for almost three years, mel. He became also a friend and ddviSi.
Sagrec j. I"" o. At the age of forty five, Elias Meniates died in the area of Palaia see, r. III Peloponnesus. His father transferred the body of Elias to Cephalonia. Frangiscos, published the collected writings of his SOil and published them under the title "61oaxai,, This is the first known publication of the ". Frangiscos, also collected Elias' writings on the issues of the Primacy of the Pope, the Schism and the prerequisites for the reunification of the Eastern and Western Church He published these writings under the title "IItLpcx During the yea.
They also engraved the marble-stone with an inscription dedicated to Elias, t 11C WI. Some simply state "summer ", orjust " KTjC;, p. It was created by the Italian artist Giorini. It was donated to the people llf Cephalonia by the local priest, Angelos Pefanes. The pedestal on which Elias' statue was placed on, was also donated.
Mar,k h ' The man in today's Gospel reading is both paralytic and sinful. This miserable man has a two-fold illness, paralysis of the body and sins of the soul. For the first [iilness], he is close tl death. For,no the second [illness] he is close to hell, and he is in the ultimate danger to both.
It was heard that our Lord, Jesus Christ. A number of Biblical and Patristic quotations in the original texts were not refercnced ill. The author decided to include in the translations those quotcd texts, in their original Greek version. What a pitiful sight a paralyzed man is! A iive picture of a dead man, an unburied corpse, a living remnant, who lives internally since he has only breath, and is dead externally since he has no movement, an unfortunate combination of life and death' He places his hopes neither on the healer, nor on the cure; he expects nothing other than the cure of his incurable disease bl79 a perfect death.
And is this not the most serious from all diseases'J And even with all this, with one phrase that the Savior tells him. On S the other hand, think abollt the strength of these words of the savior, in the mouth or? SillS are, I'" lJlj.! You saw there the burden of this termina1 illness, and you saw here the great ease of the graceful 49 ] healing. A sinful person is in danger of being tempted at all times, [something] which is the most burdensome passion of the human soul, and only with the word of the divine grace can he be free from that danger; this is the easiest cure of the holy grace.
Let these two matters that are the sickness which comes from sin and the healing which is forgiveness become today's teaching. Part A I do not know if I am able to make you understand what sin might be. Nothing is committed easier and nothing is more difficult to understand.
And this is the reason why it is so easy to sin and so difficult to repent. From the things that the holy teachers and the scholastic theologians tell [us], we gather that sin is [an] infinite evil, such that it becomes an insult to God But these words either do not get to the human conscience, or they have no effect on the soul.
What can 1 say in order to make you understand this infinite evil? Ike the scn:n deadly sins. Teachers, iVlartyrs. Ascetics, I am telling you that all the holiness of Heaven and Eanh cannot lin sin. That Yen' moment, when we sin, it would be much better if the sun were to disappear from our eyes, or the earth to open from under our feet, so that it could bury us alive: because at that very moment we insult God.
We transgress S:. His Hiood, provoke His Judgement. I erent ways; o ' ] aut hentlca lorglves sIn. II y,-q! When a door is locked it can be opened in two ways [] directly, in a supernatural way, without a key. I want to kindly ask you now, after you think how burdensome o1'al1 evil sin is, to think how easy ofa cure forgiveness is. Without a doubt God was able to order the forgiveness of Sin [to be done] in any way, including the most dit1icult. He could say, for example: Man, [you] who have sinned toward me, God; if J want to act like a righteous judge, I have to punish you, according to t he degree of your sin.
For one sin I exiled Devil from the Heaven. God acted in the same way toward His beloved friends. IllS people's. He repented and ,. First, the child that was conceived through adultery was taken away by God. Second, God sent to him Jonathan, the Prophet, to put fOllh ',16 three very burdensome things for David to choose from: either three years of hunger. Distressed, David said, "mc'w.
He chose the three days of plague [in his kingdom]. Wheretore he saw seventy thousand men killed by God's Angel And with a damage so large, and a lot of pain, he bought from God the forgiveness of his sins. But God does not choose a similar way [of repentance] for us, who err even more than David And although God does not WI pressure us.
And with all this [trouble] we should be pleased, so that we can be forgiven and not condemnecf 52 eternally. But how ineffable God's mercy is! He did not order [something like] that either. For an infinite evil to be effaced, for an infinite weight to be lifted, He ordered the easiest and quickest method.
Vall WI'11 be heai d e.. Is sin like leprosy, a passion so malodorous. Sinners, ill from the most deadly passion.
Do not go to Jerusalem. They hold all the authority of'tt rgiveness, all the power of healing Whatever [sins] they forgive in this earth are also forgiven in heaven. Immediately, when that spiritual father opens his mouth and says on the earth, "SOil. I forgive you, replies from above the Son and Word of God.
Here, the priest offers the decision of forgiveness; and the Holy Spirit signs it immediately. What a miracle I. I say again referring to the power of those powerful words. We, angels of the dark. We entered into His embrace; we received His grace again; we gained His love again In short, sinners. S64 or, "handicapped Is this why you are scared now? Are you afraid' Are you desperate' Let this not be so! We know. And truly, they came, saw, and found the stone rolled away and removed from the tomb.
God sent an Angel and removed the stone from the tomb, because He could see the good intentions of the [myrrh-bearing] women When the intentions of man are good, then God makes everything easy. There can be a stone blocking the way and hardship; God surpasses every obstacle. Maybe this is what a sinful soul should say, when it wants to go to the spiritual father and it hesitates. Alas to me! My sins are like a 5',5 or, "find-out. I abused my body.
But who lifted if tf. Vvw 'ltfl,Jfli K l ". And the spiritual Hither should only say one thing: "Son, your.
But I can see that you can not walk either, because you are limping. So listen to what I have to say to you. With one [toward] God, and with the other [toward] the harlot? With one [toward] God, and with the other [toward] the world? Yes, says Saint Chrysostom, because God's forbearance punishes twice as much the unrepentant. Please try to think of it a little better God wanted to do a benevolent act toward the ungrateful people of Jerusalem; and there, in a fi:.
The miracle occurred there in one place [only], only one time, one time each year. Here, fthat same miracle] happens in every city and country and Christian church, every day and every hour, as long as we want it to [happen] Here, it is not an Angel, a pure spirit, to see our passions. Let it be pride, let it be slander, let it be blasphemy.
You still do not rush to repentance so that you can receive forgiveness and salvation' Your sickness [is] so serious and your healing so easy, and you [still] do not want it?
Sheep Gale. Oil i ,w TOV a. You distance yourself [from God] today a lot, tomorrow [even] more. You distance yourself [from God] and wonder around like the lost sheep on the corrupted path to death. Away from the Church, away from the Holy Mysteries, away from yourself, and far away from God. And God. Do you not feel in your hea11 sometirnes the control of your conscience" It is God's hand at that time that pulls the rope to lead you to repentance. B ut you, d0 not come, aI 'mVlted, though.
You are nailed inside the arms OfyOUf prostitute. You are bound by the chains of your avarice You are rooted in evil. At the end the rope breaks: God gets burdened, angered, He lets you go and you fall, miserable human being, in complete 61] Rom ; English translation: "Or do. Do you not realize that God's kindness is meant to feadyou to repentance? Who was at fault?
You [were]. Who feels sorry for you' No one [does]. But I exorcise you in the name of the Living God, my Christian brother, do not let that rope be cut in half. When the goodness of God pulls you toward repentance, return to God. God keeps His arms open to accept you [b ac k] Wit.
Methodios, a pious and wise monk, was sent by God and the Church to catechize in the Olthodox faith of Christ the Bulgarian king, who, passing from idolatry to the knowledge of God, was baptized and subjected himself and his province to the Roman kingdom and the throne of Constantinople.
In the one on the Second Coming he presented the Son of God sitting on a high and raised from the ground throne, with a lot of power and glory, dressed with the light of Divine Glory.
There were thousands of Angels that stood by; innumerable multitudes of people being judged, awaiting the decision of the fearful Judge; the sign of the Cross that appeared in front of the table of sacrifice; the river of fire streaming out of the fiery throne; and all the other detailed events of the future judgment. This is a catechetical homily on Repentance. And everyday, the wise teacher [Methodios], would place both urawings in front of[the eyes] of the student-king, to make him realize that this is the judgement and hell for a sinner; and with that he tried to strengthen him is the right faith and to lead him to the God-loving life.
I praise the teaching style and skill of the righteous Methodios, and I wanted to imitate that teaching style. From that l got the idea, in the two previous sermons, to create two icons for you, and on one I painted the future judgment, and on the other the etemal hell. The reason I did this was to lead you toward repentance, which is the only path for you to avoid both, the wrath of the future Judgment and the tortures of eternal Hell, for which I come to speak to you today. V aV7. But, alas l You still wait?
You still do not repent? And you still insist on your opinion, your passion, your sin' Coldhearted and irreparable sinners, listen to what I come to tell you today; I want to talk to you about Repentance, but I will prove to you that: he who can [repent today] but does not repent, maybe will not be able to repent when he will want to repent. Is it God s Grace alone, or God's Grace and man's will together? The heresy of the Pclagians 62J is that the will of man alone, without the Grace of God, is enough to justify and save man.
The heresy of the Lutheran Calvinists is that the Grace of God alone, without the will of man, does the same. The others teach that the Grace [of God] is not necessary to complement the human will.
They [on the other hand] teach that the [human] wiil is free like the Grace. But neither the will of man alone, nor the grace of God alone, but both the will and Grace can justify and save man. The true opinion of the Orthodox is that the Grace is always necessary and the will is always free.
Christ says, 'whoever wants to follow me, let him deny himself. And He says again, 'without me, you can not do anything': "Xwph;; c:P. God, Who created man without [the will ot] man, can not save man without [the will ot1 man, meaning without man wanting it, says the prudent St.
For us to be saved, it has to come, both, from us and from God. And St. Chrysostom says that Grace, and Grace 6:'. God's grace invites, but man's will has to accept the invitation.
If one remains a sinner for a long time, without repenting, those two wheels, those two wings, Will and Grace. Will gets weak by long habit; Grace gets weak by procrastination. Let us start trom the first one. Of course the will of man is more inclined toward the evil, rather than toward good; he climbs toward virtue with "'-great difficulty; but he falls easilv to evil; and if he When the city of Pentapolis was burned from that tire that rained from heaven to burn that wicked sin, God wanted to save the Just Lot 6.
Walk as fast as you can and make sure that you never look back. Do not look back, because it is dangerous by a look Mk, '1', The whole earth is on fire, burning from sin; flames come from all directions and in the outside they burn the people, but they also entered Christ's Church, everywhere, in any age and [social] class; and evil possesses laymen and priests, men and women, elderly, young and children.
Kat J7ff. That is what the grace of God says, but the human nature does not listen; and it does not walk straight on the path of the Divine Commandments; he remains lazy and turns toward evil; and as he turns around, he is trapped by evil and remains trapped: he turns around to look at that face, and he is trapped by the wishes of the flesh; he turns around to look at that profit, and he is trapped by avarice; he turns around to look at that vain glory, and he is trapped by pride: he turns around to look at the evil, he saw evil, [and] he became stiff toward evil; he became a column of salt, like Lot's wife; stiff and immobile toward evil [And human] will became habit, which is second law in politics, [but] second nature in moral issues, and both nature and law to the will.
Nature, which at the end becomes necessity and influences with in. How many times do we do certain things out of habit, things that otherwise we would not do by nature? A law that at the end becomes tyrannical and violates the laws of the free will. How many times do we act, not because we want to, but [rather] because we are used to [acting that wayp o t he WIof!
Although difficult, authority is a desirable thing; we give up our life with more ease, than we give up authority. At the beginning Ninos refused her request, and told her that this would be improper and that whatever else she might want [she can have] with pleasure, but to give her all the authority, in the hands of 63 'or, "passions You should have never left in the hands of an arrogant woman the scepter of authority!
One day. You want to confess [your sins], but you do not want to improve. This is the same with wanting and not wanting; a sign that the ropes that bind you were released somewhat, but have not been [completely] cut. Now that you hear the teaching, your heart becomes a little softer [and] tears come out of your eyes, but as soon as you exit from the church your heart returns to evil.
Of, PJeasure And will follows habit. Then, when will you change? Just listen to what the Holy Spirit has 1[0 say through the mouth. Ol1KOUc; Kmal.. Like the woman Semiramis who took over her husband's kingdom just for one day, like the habit takes over the will, the ephemeral becomes permanent; one day becomes a whole life; one leads to the other; one wheel does not roll, one wing does not fly; what I want to say is that your will is weak and [alone it] can not lead you toward repentance But the other wheel, then, the other wing, the Grace of God, what does that do?
That is an exceptional Grace and it is not always granted to everyone. Do not take for granted this Divine Grace, that God gives a few times and to a few people. Because you were born in the arms of the true Church, and brought up from pious parents with the milk of the holiest Faith To protect you from the strangers who deceive you with wordly pleasures.
H' English Tmnslal. If English U1Uls! God abandon "'i Hi' "u':OCil. Bue when? Let me talk, and talk without looking at anyone's face, without fear or hesitation; uneducated young men, horses without a bridle, blind people without guidance, sheep wondering lost; elderly people who grew old in sin rather than in age; impious priests who surpass the laymen in scandal; undisciplined laymen who have no fear of God; vain women who only bear the name of the Faith but do not commit any f1lithful acts; God sent to you priests who read to you everyday the Gospel, teachers who educate you from the pulpit, spiritual fathers who explain things to you during confession.
They all call you to repentance, criticize your sins, scare you with judgment and hell; but you ignore their words, make fun of their advice like You were hardened in sin and you adapted in evil; and, thus, I tell you on His behalf, that if you live with sin, you will die with sin; "Kw EV i. What kind of cOilfession [will you have] with a tongue numbed by the illness? And what kind of sorrow will you teel by a heart mended by so rnany pains?
You think that you will have then the power to break the chain of a long habit'? You think that then, in one moment, you will correct the mistakes of an entire life? But let us say that you will have your sanity to be able to repent, and you do acts of charity, paraclesis and prayer interventions to appease God; but does God accept such repentance, then?
What makes you certain? Even after the many times that He has been ignored and still has finally yielded to Sedekios and many others' Those who lived a bad life and died a Those who lived a bad life and died a bad death are innumerable.
And as the example of the few [who lived a bad life but died a good death] gives you hope, why does the example of the many not cause fear to you? Hence, if now that you are still able to repent, you do not want to repent, there may come a time when you will want to repent, but will not be able to do so. This is what I wanted to prove to you; I proved it, and now I will rest. When the wound is old, it does not need light medication, but rather it needs fire and iron; and in our case, we do not need complementing and sweet words, but rather [we need] bitter and scary [words]; this is very true.
We do not repent, because we think that we always have time to repent, but we are deceived; because, in order to repent as we should, we are lacking the Will, which can no longer rid the habit, and also the Grace of God, that can no longer bear the sins. Devil invented this skill ofleading people to death with the hope of repentance.
Hades is full of souls that hope to reach paradise; ah! This is the time, [and] this is the way; the time is now, that we climb toward Jerusalem, now that the holy days are here, now that the holy Sacrifice is near, fertile time, time to repent. Among the bonds of sin that bind the conscience, three are the most important.
The bond of resentment, the bond of avarice and the bond of the flesh. Do you want me to show you how to unbind yourselves from them':' [If yes], then listen. When Alexander the Great took his army to conquer Asia, he arrived at the Temple of Zeus, and there he saw a famous knot. What a small thing to untie a knot! What a great profit to conquer a kingdom! The ambitious King Alexander the Great was immediately challenged by the desire; he looked at the Knot and saw neither end nor beginning.
The ends were hidden, bound tightly, entangled one inside the other, and appeared impossible to untie. He turned it around again and again and he tried hard with his hands, but could not untie it. The knots of sin are many more, Christian, and it is God's true oracle that he who unties the knots of sin will inherit the kingdom of Heaven; what a small effort, but what a great profit! When you can not untie them with your thoughts, or, "punishment.
I will not be forgiven; that is how you cut the bonds Now, let us go to the bond avarice h '" Hov. Christian, while you think about these things. J love my children, but. Chrysostom That is how the Knot is untied. Let us come now to the third knot, which is the carnal desires: ' And what a tight knot' Here there really is neither a beginning nor an end; to abandon either the harlot or that woman that you maintain. Was it her beauty or her skill that deceived you. But, thank God. God has abandoned him, and I do not talk with him, because those would be wasted words.
I converse with you, who keep your conscience awake, have fear of God, have shame of people. Muhammad the Second. He saw her, fell in love with her. Nobody liked the fact that the king. He learned about the criticism by his people, stopped, thought for a while. Love fought with glory. On one han. I will never untie that knot. Church is disgusted v.
I come io leU! I or, "p. I David, what did you decide" Three great curses, hunger. Three years of hunger. I fall in the arms of men' I do not know what to say. I also decided , says. Yes, [they do]: but they both make [the] right decision, EW 1 xvva says that she would prefer to fall in the hands of men, rather than in or.
When does she say that? Before she commits sin. So, then, it is a thousand times better for one to fall in the hands of men, before they commit sin, while they are still faultless and pure, that is to say to be slandered against, [and] to be lapidated [to death], rather than, after committing sin, to fall in the hands of God, that is to say to insult Him, to outrage Him.
Is it not a terrible thing for a human being, without committing sin, to fall into the hands of human beings, who, after all, have no power other than to kill the body, but not the soul? C; VJiwv iT a. Jiapn:iv f:vwmov Kvpiov. After he committed sin. So, then, when one has committed a sin, it is better for them to fall in the hands of God, Who is of course compassionate, where with a "HW1fJTOV,,, He is pacified, [and] liSam 4 English translation: "Do not fear those who kill the body, because they can.
Have fear, like Sosanna, of the judgment of God and His punishment and be pleased, rather than committing sin, it is better to endanger your life; but, after you commit sin, have hope, like David did, to the great merclO J of God, and you will be forgiven.
David was forgiven after committing adultery and murder; Manassis was forgiven after committing idolatry, the publican was forgiven after committing sin; the harlot was forgiven from her impurities; a thief was forgiven after committing many sins, and [even the same people that crucified Christ would have been [also] forgiven, if they only wished to repent.
The other [one], Judas, was not forgiven, hanged his miserable body from a branch, and submitted his soul to eternal Hell. But, why did Peter receive so much grace and Judas appears to be so unworthy?
What did this miserable man have to do, but did not do? Should he have confessed his mistake? He confessed and openly said that he erred, "HllapioV napa1Jmi s aillo. This is what you ought to do. This is the way it is done, and whoever says the opposite is excluded from the Church, and he is a modernist [Try to] think of two things, please.
Or, [should they not buy] a house to generate [some] profit? Instead of a piece of land for the burial of foreigners, that produces neither fruit nor profits, since it can neither be cultivated, nor rented. It is a mystery! It becomes [instead] a miserable place, and does ' os or, "errors Ka:muaov, se, Judas was punished both physically and spiritually; and how did the miserable die?
He stood inside Kaifas' yard, and kept himself warm; he denied [Christ] three times! IWV,,,nl He gave him the highest Apostolic authority and honor. Such a confession may be external, and like that of Judas, totally vain and futile. As I have explained, confession is based on this: to do what Peter did. And come out not just with your body, but also with your mind and your soul; "E: dBwv i: w. That means English translation: "Feed my sheep, take care of my flock.
If you have an enmity with someone, forgive him from the bottom of your heart: if you have something that does not belong to you. Moreover, accuse yourself; abolish your tirst sins and decide never to commit them again.
With such disposition and preparation go to the spiritual father to confess. Both, Adam and were led fiom Paradise taking with them the 'divine curse' So, a Christian man or woman go to confession, [and are] questioned be the spiritual father Adam. It is a sharne a scandal to discuss what we hear today during confession.
What is your pretense, Christian? But listen and beware In the old times, v.. Potamios, the inner voice would tell hint from one side, what do HI- Psalm j,a. And from the other side, the contrition would ask him: what are you still waiting for to do what you decided to do?
Remember that you are a bishop and you will give to people a great scandal. Remember that you are a bishop and that you and you ought to give people a great example. Potamios, think, and do not waist time. Distress won, and shame fell aside; and Potamios stood-up fi'om his throne and said together with David, in the middle of the Synod and in front of everybody, he openly confessed his sin: "T11v And times, you saw this example.
No, brother; do not be ashamed to courageously confess your sins, without [any] excuses; say that no one other than -your own bad choice was the cause of. A sin that is confessed is not a sin anymore "G..
E: KiJpw; T'll' u. Good eye [on the other hand] means to be discerning, distinguishing persons; the rich should get canons such as charity, the poor [should get canons] with bows, the strong [should get canons] with fasting, the weak [should get canons] with prayer.
Thus, first, I repeat, you ought to exercise the canon that the father confessor gave to you; second, you ought to correct you life: otherwise, what you did was nCJt confession, but rather waist of words, says Basil the Great: " hal' Til:; EC:0llo. Because, jf you do not forgive, you can not be forgiven; this is Christ's decision; "f. Themistocles and Aristides, the Athenians, hated and disagreed with each other; the country honored them as ambassadors for a necessary issue, so they had to agree [amongst themselves].
Then Aristides said to Themistocles: do you want to leave our English translation: "a silenced sin is a feslering illness in the soul. The same is what two Christians, who disagree on everything and hate each other greatly, do, when the time comes for them to confess, they leave the enmity [behind]. But where? At the doorstep of the church; They receive communion together, forgiving each other, and again, when they exit from the church, they pick up their enmity exactly where they left, and they are enemies again, like before.
Do you think that this was confession? Another [example]; say that you have a friendship and love for some people; leave her forever, deny her forever; because you can not have the same love for the prostitute and for God. A philosopher went once on a boat- trip, but he encountered a terTible stonn and was in danger of drowning; strangely enough, he survived; he returned to his home; and because he could see the sea from one of the windows [of his house], he build a wall there, so that, by [not] seeing through it, he would not be tempted to travel again.
Oh, Christian! How many times have you been in danger of loosing your life and your soul to that bitter love, and you were saved? Avoid temptation, do not cross that road again, do not go through that door again, do not look through that window again, shut your eyes tight, so that the snake can never again cross into your heart.
Otherwise, what you did was not confession, but rather, it was waste of words. The other; you have in your hands something that does not belong to you? Did you do wrong against someone? No' The knot of injustice can not be undone. A married man passed away; God wished to perform a miracle, and he brought him back to life: his wife still wants him as husband, but he does not want her [as wife], and they both come under the Church's judgement.
Leaders of the Church, Spiritual Fathers, you who govern the souls of people, what do you think? What do you decide? Is that man obligated to take his first wife back, or is he free [to do as he wishesp The theologians believe that he is a free man; his duty was to have her [as his lawfully wedded wife].
He came back to life; but this is another life; this is as if he was born again from his mother's womb; and when one is born, he is born free. Another man died who took something that belonged to a poor man. God decided to perform a miracle again and brought him back to life, also. The poor man comes [to him] and asks for his [missing] thing; the other one refuses to give it back: they come to a crisis And I ask [you] again, is that unfair man obligated to return the stolen item, or not?
The same theologians say that yes ' he is obligated to return the stolen item], because this is an obligation of the soul, that remains as long as the soul lives; the soul is immortal, thus the duty is eternal; it is his obligation to return the stolen items, both, during his lifetime and after his death and until the time of the Future Judgment.
Did he die? He is still obligated. Was he resurrected? He has [still the] obligation [to return the stolen items]. Even if he dies and returns to life a thousand times, this is always an indispensable obligation.
He appointed as His trustee the father confessor. But if the Ten Commandments are God's Word and can not be discredited. First, before you go to the spiritual father, examine your consciousness; second, when you arc with the spiritual father, confess without shame or pretense; and third, when you leave from the spiritual father, correct yourself, practice your canon, forgive your enemy, leave yt,ur evil lusts, pay for your injustices, and [only] then you arc truly and completely forgiven, and [only] then does the speechless and deaf spirit go away.
Holy Sprit, please help us all with your divine grace. I reply to you [as follm'vs 1 A man of good manners asked Oioi.! Whether young or old, one should confess right av. As long as they are certain that they can live.
But what kind of certainty can one have for a life that is constantly exposed to danger? If 1 repent, God promised me forgiveness: but God did not promise me [that I will have] tomorrow to repent.
God, moreover. When does one have to confess' The soonest pmsible time! I expect one think to happen, but something else happens. Allow me to finish this homily with a myth. There was a deer that was blind from one eye: one day.
So, then, I should have the healthy eye toward the land. I fear that the wound will come from one side. With whaf 'With contlssion. As soon as possible. He said 10 paraly1ic Son. Fellmv Christians. Think of how it seems to [your] benefactor and Father God. And you agree with these people. God looks at you and says, "Kat.. God in front of His own eves.
Does it not. Having been sold by his brothers, and having been bought by some Israelite English translation: "Leaders of the nations gathered land spoke I against the Lord. His Son. He said [to her] ] was a slave and yom husband, rny master. So, then, what do you decide? Let her be angry with me, falsdy accuse me, put me in jail, condemn me to death, and I can still bear all that.
But how can 1 bear insulting my God? It seems absolutely impossible. It is impossible to willfully hate God, Who is worthy of infinite love, and to willfully be hated by God.
It is this ultimate evil that I would like to. Theology teaches us that God can not partake in sorrow,78S since His nature is perfect happiness; but if God could feel sorrow, the sorrow that one human sin would cause to Him would be greater than the happiness that the virtues of all the saints together could bring Him; all the self-control of so many holy men, leading ascetic lives; all the blood of so many courageous martyrs; and is this not a infinite evi I that could, by itself, cause to the One Who is happy by nature, infinite sorrow?
But if God can not feel sorrow like a human, then, why was He saying, in KO' Ma-rO. Again, the insult toward the Divine Grace is also an infinite eviL What does man lose by losing the grace of God?
There are neither enough words to explain, nor enough tears to cry for it. The soul is everything to a human being, and the grace of God is everything to the soul. Whatever sunlight means to my eyes, that is what God's grace is to the soul. By God's Grace the soul becomes brightened, holy and deified. Kat 0 pGv rar:; awpailKit. U f:u wr:;, 0 f: rar:; WJf:Pa. JrGpyru :rw. But plague does not cause as much disaster, and lightning does not cause as much destruction, as sin causes to the soul when it is stripped of the Divine Grace.
English translation: "What sun is to the senses. And the one completes the bodily figures with the sun. Who was Lucifer when he had God's Grace? How did he look when he lost the Divine Grace? A live image and likeness of God; a king of all the creation under the moon, who enjoyed and lived a sweet and immortal life? What happened to him when he lost the Divine Grace? He became death's slave, heir to the curse and a mindless animal. But what happens when a soul looses the grace of God?
Is it possible for man to willingly cause such damage? Caesar Augustus had, among others, a friend named Romeo, whom he trusted once with a secret.
Caesar found out, called his friend, and criticized him that he was not loyal. He [also] told him that he was unworthy of his grace and his friendship. And they felt so much sorrow because they lost Caesar's friendship. We, however, feel so little sorrow when we lose the grace of God. For a man to loose Caesar's friendship, a human king, is a lot. But to loose God's friendship, which means to loose the earth and the sky, one looses the eternal glory, one looses God eternally, one looses everything.
And this is the ultimate evil, since that Grace is the lW3 ultimate Good. But beyond this, is there another evil.
And what is that? Christians, if God for one sin wants you to stay in jail for one hundred years, be patient, one hundred years pass [quickly]. This is such a horrible thing that, even if we [simply] consider it, the world should disappear from our eyes and we should escape to the desert and cry [there] for the rest of our lives. I K;or, "slaughtered "! Now, while a sinner does not repent, do you know where he is?
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